I am writing this post because I currently do not have the wherewithal to implement a system like the one I am about to propose. Instead, I seek to explain the system so that perhaps someone will implement it. To illustrate the system, I will be using the example of the video game Call of Duty: World at War. For those of you in the audience who have never heard of/played the game, I will explain the generalities of my proposition as well as the specific way it would work with World at War. I believe that this system would be beneficial to the developers, publishers, producers, and distributors of video games, as well as the end users.
When the video game, Call of Duty: World at War first came out, all kinds of sales records were broken. Although some of the novelty of the game had worn off after the launch date of the title – as is true with most games – the sales were spurred by release of new maps that players could manipulate. Additionally, players of the game found out that, when the “Campaign” mode in the game was completed, a mini-game would be unlocked. That mini-game is called “Nazi Zombies”, and many of us are quite aware of its existence.
The inclusion of the new maps and the “Nazi Zombies” mini-game effectively prolonged the commercial viability of the game. Purchasers of Call of Duty were likely to at least try the mini-game, “Nazi Zombies”. Those people who tried the mini-game and liked it were potential purchasers of all the new maps that were released for it. Thus, the inclusion of the mini-game meant that at least some of the end users would download the extra maps.
For those of you who have not played “Nazi Zombies”, it is a first person shooter game set in the same place and time as the full version “Campaign” (ie World War II in the European and Pacific Theaters) of World at War. In “Nazi Zombies”, players are placed within a bounded area and wave after wave of dead Nazis or Japanese soldiers turned zombies attack from the surrounding area. The players have to fend off the zombies with weapons from the “Campaign” mode which can be purchased using points earned while the player runs through the structure. The player earns points by injuring and killing zombies which can be used as money to purchase weapons and other items in the map.
The point of the inclusion of such mini-games with their full-version counterparts is that sales increase, whether those sales are of the full version game or are back-end sales. Some people (like me for example) have purchased copies of the game primarily for the “Nazi Zombie” mini-game, and then pay more to download the extra maps. These back end sales are easier to make than new sales; if I sell you a video game for $60, you are more likely to buy a $10 map pack for that game than you are to buy another $60 game – you are already invested and are willing to improve upon that investment before you are willing to invest in something entirely new.
This is the major premise on which my proposed licensing system is based: the more “stuff” included with a video game that can be used to leverage more profit from the end users, the better. But, as of now, there is a limit on what types of “stuff” is included with video games.
Minor premise: If this “stuff” is released at intervals (rather than all at once) in such a way as to give end users piecemeal access, commercial viability of the game can be maximized. In the context of my example with World at War: the game was popular, so it sold well, but the popularity declined in time; the inclusion of Nazi Zombies helped stimulate the popularity, but popularity still declined over time; the inclusion of downloadable map-packs helped stimulate popularity as well, but when end users lose interest in the gameplay of a given video game, map packs only help marginally.
Thus, a typical owner of World at War purchases the game for $60, then coughs up even more money on the back end in order to get the slick new maps (required to play online). In other words, if the end user likes the “stuff” that comes with a video game, he or she is likely to buy all of the incidentals – the back end sales – and he or she will be satisfied paying money for what is effectively a greater freedom in using the video game.
So, if another extra could be included with games like Call of Duty, wouldn’t commercial viability be further increased? And if commercial viability could be increased, while at the same time adding value from an end user’s perspective, why not release the extra? I believe that there is at least one kind of extra which may still be released – modifications, or mods.
Mods “can include new items, weapons, characters, enemies, models, textures, levels, story lines, music, and game modes.” Right now, mods are only created by developers – “Nazi Zombies” is such a developer created mod. But, back “in the day,” mods created by end users were abundant. In fact, one of the most popular first person shooters of all time, “Counterstrike,” was a mod created by an end user, but which later became a commercial developer-backed mod of the full version game of Half Life.
This could be accomplished in a number of ways. The rights holders of the video games could open up the source code for a fee – so called open source software, or the rights holders could merely allow owners of copies of the games to modify the gameplay, a la Half Life: Counterstrike – again for a fee. Either way, freeing up the end users rights to the video game’s code would create a community for any game that could be modified to create new gameplay. The developers, publishers, producers, and distributors of the game could charge a reasonable fee for freeing up rights to modify the game, and assuming the provision of greater rights gives the game more playability, the commercial viability of the full version game will be increased.
Allowing the end user of a video game to modify its content spurs creativity on behalf of video game fans. End users could modify games so that players could interact in different levels or maps, like in Duke Nukem 3-D. In fact, Duke Nukem 3-D came with a “build engine” that would allow users of the game to create their own maps, complete with new textures and 2-and-a-half-D “sprites”. New textures and characters can be added to a game. New game types, like those in “Counterstrike”, can be added. Weapon characteristics, character types, armor types, and any other configurable piece of code in the game is prospectively subject to a mod, like the PC game Tribes.
When each video game extra costs between $9 and $10 on the back end, selling twice as many due to something as simple as including an interesting mini-game or map pack is a lucrative prospect indeed (at least for the developers, publishers, producers, and distributors). Back end sales are also beneficial to end users to the extent that the video games are decent and the extras sold on the back end somehow improve upon this decency.
These days, rights holders can lock up their content pretty well. They have DRM and the DMCA and plenty of lawyers who do not care who they sue. But, what is the point with locking up the content of a video game that is losing its commercial viability merely because its content is locked up? If users were able to manipulate the code of a game, amateur creators would be allowed to hone their skills in creating modifications of existing games. All parties involved would be benefited; the developers, publishers, producers, and distributors all benefit from a longer commercial life of the video game, and end users benefit from increased playability of video games in which they invest.
Assuming such modifications are made during a time when commercial viability of the original is in decline, the market for the original is likely to be helped, rather than harmed.
The task of freeing up the rights to these video games could be accomplished by allowing users of whatever platform the video game is released on – XBOX 360, PS3, WII, or computer – to download a patch to free up the rights, or simply to download the source code of the game.
Let’s bring back the mods…
When the video game, Call of Duty: World at War first came out, all kinds of sales records were broken. Although some of the novelty of the game had worn off after the launch date of the title – as is true with most games – the sales were spurred by release of new maps that players could manipulate. Additionally, players of the game found out that, when the “Campaign” mode in the game was completed, a mini-game would be unlocked. That mini-game is called “Nazi Zombies”, and many of us are quite aware of its existence.
The inclusion of the new maps and the “Nazi Zombies” mini-game effectively prolonged the commercial viability of the game. Purchasers of Call of Duty were likely to at least try the mini-game, “Nazi Zombies”. Those people who tried the mini-game and liked it were potential purchasers of all the new maps that were released for it. Thus, the inclusion of the mini-game meant that at least some of the end users would download the extra maps.
For those of you who have not played “Nazi Zombies”, it is a first person shooter game set in the same place and time as the full version “Campaign” (ie World War II in the European and Pacific Theaters) of World at War. In “Nazi Zombies”, players are placed within a bounded area and wave after wave of dead Nazis or Japanese soldiers turned zombies attack from the surrounding area. The players have to fend off the zombies with weapons from the “Campaign” mode which can be purchased using points earned while the player runs through the structure. The player earns points by injuring and killing zombies which can be used as money to purchase weapons and other items in the map.
The point of the inclusion of such mini-games with their full-version counterparts is that sales increase, whether those sales are of the full version game or are back-end sales. Some people (like me for example) have purchased copies of the game primarily for the “Nazi Zombie” mini-game, and then pay more to download the extra maps. These back end sales are easier to make than new sales; if I sell you a video game for $60, you are more likely to buy a $10 map pack for that game than you are to buy another $60 game – you are already invested and are willing to improve upon that investment before you are willing to invest in something entirely new.
This is the major premise on which my proposed licensing system is based: the more “stuff” included with a video game that can be used to leverage more profit from the end users, the better. But, as of now, there is a limit on what types of “stuff” is included with video games.
Minor premise: If this “stuff” is released at intervals (rather than all at once) in such a way as to give end users piecemeal access, commercial viability of the game can be maximized. In the context of my example with World at War: the game was popular, so it sold well, but the popularity declined in time; the inclusion of Nazi Zombies helped stimulate the popularity, but popularity still declined over time; the inclusion of downloadable map-packs helped stimulate popularity as well, but when end users lose interest in the gameplay of a given video game, map packs only help marginally.
Thus, a typical owner of World at War purchases the game for $60, then coughs up even more money on the back end in order to get the slick new maps (required to play online). In other words, if the end user likes the “stuff” that comes with a video game, he or she is likely to buy all of the incidentals – the back end sales – and he or she will be satisfied paying money for what is effectively a greater freedom in using the video game.
So, if another extra could be included with games like Call of Duty, wouldn’t commercial viability be further increased? And if commercial viability could be increased, while at the same time adding value from an end user’s perspective, why not release the extra? I believe that there is at least one kind of extra which may still be released – modifications, or mods.
Mods “can include new items, weapons, characters, enemies, models, textures, levels, story lines, music, and game modes.” Right now, mods are only created by developers – “Nazi Zombies” is such a developer created mod. But, back “in the day,” mods created by end users were abundant. In fact, one of the most popular first person shooters of all time, “Counterstrike,” was a mod created by an end user, but which later became a commercial developer-backed mod of the full version game of Half Life.
This could be accomplished in a number of ways. The rights holders of the video games could open up the source code for a fee – so called open source software, or the rights holders could merely allow owners of copies of the games to modify the gameplay, a la Half Life: Counterstrike – again for a fee. Either way, freeing up the end users rights to the video game’s code would create a community for any game that could be modified to create new gameplay. The developers, publishers, producers, and distributors of the game could charge a reasonable fee for freeing up rights to modify the game, and assuming the provision of greater rights gives the game more playability, the commercial viability of the full version game will be increased.
Allowing the end user of a video game to modify its content spurs creativity on behalf of video game fans. End users could modify games so that players could interact in different levels or maps, like in Duke Nukem 3-D. In fact, Duke Nukem 3-D came with a “build engine” that would allow users of the game to create their own maps, complete with new textures and 2-and-a-half-D “sprites”. New textures and characters can be added to a game. New game types, like those in “Counterstrike”, can be added. Weapon characteristics, character types, armor types, and any other configurable piece of code in the game is prospectively subject to a mod, like the PC game Tribes.
When each video game extra costs between $9 and $10 on the back end, selling twice as many due to something as simple as including an interesting mini-game or map pack is a lucrative prospect indeed (at least for the developers, publishers, producers, and distributors). Back end sales are also beneficial to end users to the extent that the video games are decent and the extras sold on the back end somehow improve upon this decency.
These days, rights holders can lock up their content pretty well. They have DRM and the DMCA and plenty of lawyers who do not care who they sue. But, what is the point with locking up the content of a video game that is losing its commercial viability merely because its content is locked up? If users were able to manipulate the code of a game, amateur creators would be allowed to hone their skills in creating modifications of existing games. All parties involved would be benefited; the developers, publishers, producers, and distributors all benefit from a longer commercial life of the video game, and end users benefit from increased playability of video games in which they invest.
Assuming such modifications are made during a time when commercial viability of the original is in decline, the market for the original is likely to be helped, rather than harmed.
The task of freeing up the rights to these video games could be accomplished by allowing users of whatever platform the video game is released on – XBOX 360, PS3, WII, or computer – to download a patch to free up the rights, or simply to download the source code of the game.
Let’s bring back the mods…
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